Characteristics and topographical distribution of retinal thinning on optical coherence tomography in Schizophrenics and healthy A comparative study
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Published
Sep 27, 2023
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Nabaratna Bista
K Shyamsundar
Mohini Agrawal
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-0668
Sagar Rajkarnikar
Sachit Dhakal
Kamala Thapa
Pradip KC
Imroz Jindal
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-0668
Sagar Rajkarnikar
Sachit Dhakal
Kamala Thapa
Pradip KC
Imroz Jindal
Abstract
Introduction: To compare results of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) like retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness (MT) in Schizophrenic patients and healthy individuals.
Method: Cross-sectional study. Forty schizophrenic patients and age-gender matched 40 healthy individuals were included in the study. Using SD-OCT, peripapillary RNFL thickness, MT, neuro-retinal rim area (NRR) and mean cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) were measured and compared in 4 quadrants.
Results: Mean age of schizophrenic patients was 30.9±7.57years and healthy individuals was 29.65±5.53years (p>0.05). Mean duration of illness was 4.63±2.75 years. Schizophrenic patients showed a significant reduction in overall RNFL thickness (patients: 87.75±8.49µm in the right eye [RE] and 88.42±10.51µm in the left eye [LE]; healthy: 97.75±8.74µm RE and 98±8.744µm LE; p=0.0001 both eyes); except in temporal quadrant. Average MT (patients: 251.92±19.55µm RE and 249.37±22.24µm LE; healthy: 262.07±24.55µm RE and 260.92±23.37µm LE; p=0.044 RE and p=0.026 LE). However, there was no significant difference in central MT (p=0.52 RE, p=0.37 LE), NRR area (p=0.45 RE, p=0.11 LE) and mean CDR (p=0.26 RE, p=0.19 LE) between schizophrenics and healthy.
Conclusion: RNFL and macular thickness reduces in schizophrenics when compared to normal, particularly in the superior, inferior and nasal quadrants.
Keywords
Schizophrenia, SD-OCT, Retinal nerve fiber layer, macular thickness
Article Details
How to Cite
BISTA, Nabaratna et al.
Characteristics and topographical distribution of retinal thinning on optical coherence tomography in Schizophrenics and healthy.
International Journal of Retina, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 104, sep. 2023.
ISSN 2614-8536.
Available at: <https://ijretina.com/index.php/ijretina/article/view/228>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.35479/ijretina.2023.vol006.iss002.228.
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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27. Cimmer C, Szendi I, Csifcsák G, Szekeres G, Kovács ZA, Somogyi I, et al. Abnormal neurological signs, visual contrast sensitivity, and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2006 Sep 30;30(7):1225-30.
28. Pieri V, Diederich NJ, Raman R, Goetz CG. Decreased color discrimination and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2000 Jan 1;172(1):7-11.
29. Shuwairi SM, Cronin-Golomb A, McCarley RW, O'Donnell BF. Color discrimination in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research. 2002 May 1;55(1-2):197-204.
2. Okugawa G, Nobuhara K, Minami T, Tamagaki C, Takase K, Sugimoto T, et al. Subtle disruption of the middle cerebellar peduncles in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology. 2004;50(2):119-23.
3. Siever LJ, Davis KL. The pathophysiology of schizophrenia disorders: perspectives from the spectrum. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161(3):398-413.
4. Hoon M, Okawa H, Della Santina L, Wong RO. Functional architecture of the retina: development and disease. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2014 Sep 1;42:44-84..
5. Bracht T, Horn H, Strik W, Federspiel A, Razavi N, Stegmayer K,et al. White matter pathway organization of the reward system is related to positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research. 2014 Mar 1;153(1-3):136-42.
6. Brans RG, van Haren NE, van Baal GC, Staal WG, Schnack HG, Kahn RS, et al. Longitudinal MRI study in schizophrenia patients and their healthy siblings. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;193(5):422-3.
7. Gupta CN, Calhoun VD, Rachakonda S, Chen J, Patel V, Liu J, et al. Patterns of gray matter abnormalities in schizophrenia based on an international mega-analysis. Schizophrenia bulletin. 2015 Sep 1;41(5):1133-42.
8. Zarogianni E, Moorhead TW, Lawrie SM. Towards the identification of imaging biomarkers in schizophrenia, using multivariate pattern classification at a single-subject level. NeuroImage: Clinical. 2013 Jan 1;3:279-89.
9. Ascaso FJ, Laura C, Quintanilla MÁ, Gutiérrez Galve L, López-Antón R, Cristóbal JA, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography in patients with schizophrenia: a short report. The European journal of psychiatry. 2010 Dec;24(4):227-35.
10. Cahn W, Pol HE, Lems EB, van Haren NE, Schnack HG, van der Linden JA, et al. Brain volume changes in first-episode schizophrenia: a 1-year follow-up study. Archives of general psychiatry. 2002 Nov 1;59(11):1002-10.
11. Lieberman J, Chakos M, Wu H, Alvir J, Hoffman E, Robinson D, et al. Longitudinal study of brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia. Biological psychiatry. 2001 Mar 15;49(6):487-99.
12. Woods BT, Ward KE, Johnson EH. Meta-analysis of the time-course of brain volume reduction in schizophrenia: implications for pathogenesis and early treatment. Schizophrenia Research. 2005 Mar 1;73(2-3):221-8.
13. Lee WW, Tajunisah I, Sharmilla K, Peyman M, Subrayan V. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in schizophrenia and its relationship to disease state: evidence from optical coherence tomography. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2013 Nov 1;54(12):7785-92.
14. Burkholder BM, Osborne B, Loguidice MJ, Bisker E, Frohman TC, Conger A, et al. Macular volume determined by optical coherence tomography as a measure of neuronal loss in multiple sclerosis. Archives of neurology. 2009 Nov 9;66(11):1366-72.
15. Gupta S, Zivadinov R, Ramanathan M, Weinstock-Guttman B. Optical coherence tomography and neurodegeneration: are eyes the windows to the brain?. Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2016 Jul 2;16(7):765-75.
16. Sergott RC, Frohman E, Glanzman R, Ahmad AS. The role of optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: expert panel consensus. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2007 Dec 15;263(1-2):3-14.
17. Lu Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Ming B, Jia J, Wang R, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease: evidence in optical coherence tomography. Neuroscience letters. 2010 Aug 9;480(1):69-72.
18. Parisi V, Restuccia R, Fattapposta F, Mina C, Bucci MG, Pierelli F. Morphological and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients. Clinical neurophysiology. 2001 Oct 1;112(10):1860-7.
19. Inzelberg R, Ramirez JA, Nisipeanu P, Ophir A. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in Parkinson disease. Vision research. 2004;44(24):2793-7.
20. Chu EM, Kolappan M, Barnes TR, Joyce EM, Ron MA. A window into the brain: an in vivo study of the retina in schizophrenia using optical coherence tomography. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 2012 Jul 30;203(1):89-94.
21. Pan J, Zhou Y, Xiang Y, Yu J. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes in Schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of case–control studies. Psychiatry research. 2018 Dec 1;270:786-91.
22. Cabezon L, Ascaso F, Ramiro P, Quintanilla MA, Gutierrez L, Lobo A, et al. Optical coherence tomography: a window into the brain of schizophrenic patients. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2012 Sep;90.
23. De Boer JF, Cense B, Park BH, Pierce MC, Tearney GJ, Bouma BE. Improved signal-to-noise ratio in spectral-domain compared with time-domain optical coherence tomography. Optics letters. 2003 Nov 1;28(21):2067-9.
24. Wojtkowski M, Leitgeb R, Kowalczyk A, Bajraszewski T, Fercher AF. In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. Journal of biomedical optics. 2002 Jul;7(3):457-63.
25. Silverstein SM, Paterno D, Cherneski L, Green S. Optical coherence tomography indices of structural retinal pathology in schizophrenia. Psychological medicine. 2018 Sep;48(12):2023-33.
26. Topcu-Yilmaz P, Aydin M, Cetin Ilhan B. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer, macular, and choroidal thickness in schizophrenia: spectral optic coherence tomography findings. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2019 Jan 2;29(1):28-33.
27. Cimmer C, Szendi I, Csifcsák G, Szekeres G, Kovács ZA, Somogyi I, et al. Abnormal neurological signs, visual contrast sensitivity, and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2006 Sep 30;30(7):1225-30.
28. Pieri V, Diederich NJ, Raman R, Goetz CG. Decreased color discrimination and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2000 Jan 1;172(1):7-11.
29. Shuwairi SM, Cronin-Golomb A, McCarley RW, O'Donnell BF. Color discrimination in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research. 2002 May 1;55(1-2):197-204.